Abstract: With continuous advance of oil and gas exploration and development into deep and ultra-deep formations, the downhole temperature has reached the range of high temperature (150~175 ℃) and ultra-high temperature (175~200 ℃), which poses a severe challenge to the temperature resistance, pressure resistance and vibration resistance of MWD technology. At present, the temperature resistance of conventional MWD system is mostly limited to 150 ℃, which is difficult to meet the needs of deep and ultra-deep well drilling. International oilfield service companies such as Schlumberger and Halliburton have successfully developed a series of products with temperature resistance of 175 ℃, 185 ℃ and 200 ℃ by using mainstream technical methods such as efficient thermal management, power management, vibration resistance, modularization and high reliability design. Although significant progress has been made in high-temperature resistance, existing systems still face common challenges such as insufficient signal transmission stability, reduced component reliability, and limited system integration in long-term high temperature and high pressure environments. There is still room for improvement in data transmission rate and dynamic attitude measurement accuracy. Under the background of oil and gas exploration and development advancing towards ten-thousand-meter depth, the drilling engineering becomes more challenging. The future development trend mainly focuses on the improvement of high temperature adaptability, optimization of data transmission rate, enhancement of system stability, realization of high-precision dynamic attitude measurement, improvement of integration of measurement parameters while drilling, and intelligent upgrading. These breakthroughs will promote the continuous iteration and upgrading of high and ultra-high temperature measurement while drilling technology and equipment, in order to provide technical support for fine wellbore trajectory control and geosteering in ten-thousand-meter deep drilling, and facilitate the safe and efficient exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas.